💡doctrine

Legal tests and case law that interpret the statute

Doctrine fills the gaps when the statute is silent — case law, legal tests, court rulings. The Howey Test (1946) is the central US doctrine for token classification. SEC v. Ripple (2023) clarified parts of XRP's status. Quick check below to walk the Howey Test on your token.

●●●Other doctrinal angle: the conceptual triad

This topic covers regulatory doctrine (Howey, SEC v. Ripple). The Ownership · Custody · Possession brief covers conceptual doctrine (right · mandate · fact) that underpins any tokenized product design.

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🎯 Quick diagnostic

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Is my token a security?

Walk through the Howey Test (US SEC) — 4 cumulative criteria that determine if an asset qualifies as a security.

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📚 Guides

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Howey Test Explained

The 1946 US Supreme Court test that defines a security — and why it still decides which crypto tokens the SEC pursues.

6 min read

🔤 Glossary terms

Howey Test

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